Articles


The different meaning of Salaam in Afghan greeting culture

Abdul Wahab rahimi

Research and Analysis Journal ,Volume 2019 , Page Page No. 75 - 81

The everyday greetings in Afghanistan start with the word of Salaam which means; peace and safety be upon you. the word of Salaam is derived from Islam, that is an Arabic word, that has been quoted more than 40 times in the Holy Quran. The comprehensive meaning of Salaam in the whole Quran to explore the message of peace, safety, and humanity. Arabic Salaam has the same relation with the Hebrew greeting word “Shalomâ€. This paper is a cognitive study of the different pragmatic meaning of Salaam with native examples in the Pashto language. The word of Salaam is used as a variable term of linguistic in Pashto, that has alternative meaning for different aim in cultural conversations. This cognitive study is guided by The Relevance theoretical inferential and code models of communication. According to this model, I study different conversational context with numerous local examples to defying the syntax, semantic and different pragmatic meaning in this proses of communication between speaker and hearer. Primary data for this study has been collected from local experiments in Pashto languages’ environment, and secondary data from online sources; books, journals, websites and all related articles have been included in this paper.


Based on the cognitive study, this paper found that the word of Salaam is an important concept in communication, and that is a vital way of sending secret and non-secret messages. This paper shows that there is a different pragmatic meaning of Salaam in Afghan inter-culture communication. the ordinary language philosophy study of different conversations shows that the implicature meaning of Salaam is in the context of the message.

Relation of Cigarette Smoking With Urine Ketones

Atiqa Rehman, Muhammad Imran Qadir

Research and Analysis Journal ,Volume 2019 , Page Page No. 84 - 85

Cigarette smoking is the activity in which tobacco is burned and the smoke produce which is inhaled towards the lungs. Urine ketones are produced when our body burns fats for the production of enough glucose to check the relationship between cigarette smoking and urine ketones this research of about 100 individuals is conducted and questioned from them “Are they smoke cigarette or not?” In this research urine test is performed by dipstick method then the results obtained from this research was that 30.7% males were smokers and ketones were present in their urine and 3.8% males were non-smokers and ketones were absent in their urine. Similarly 12.16% females were smokers and urine ketones were present and 2.7% females were smokers and ketones were absent in their urine. 65.8% males were non-smokers with ketones were present in their urine and 0% males were non-smokers with urine ketones absent in them. Similarly 77% females were non-smokers with urine ketones present in them and 8.1% females were non-smokers with ketones were absent in their urine.