Research and Analysis Journal
type: channel
description: The RA Journals International Journals of Multidisciplinary Research, international peer-reviewed open access journal which publishes research articles, review articles short communications and book reviews from academicians and business-persons, our aims publish articles of high quality dealing with issues which impact national and global scientific research scholars. The RA Journals is an international peer-reviewed and multidisciplinary journal that provides a venue for scholars to publish their research findings for advocacy and utilization
publisher: RAJ
language: en
publication name: Research and Analysis Journal
issn: 2589-921X
items: Omnichannel Integration and Rural Banks Competitive Advantage and Sustainability
items: Unveiling the Lived Experiences of Electronics Education LET Passers and Non-Passers: A Qualitative Perspective
items: Navigating Challenge, Growth, And Innovation: Stories of Student Entrepreneurs in A Philippine State College
items: The Microcosmic Analogue of Research Libraries in The Context of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in Higher and Tertiary Education in The Global South
items: Modernisation du service public au Sénégal: enjeux, défis et perspectives.
items: La microfinance un instrument de promotion féminine: cas du groupement des femmes de Ngonine avec l’ONG Mission Inter Sénégal.
items: Le rôle du projet d’établissement hospitalier dans l’atteinte des objectifs des structures de santé au Sénégal.
items: Nouveau management public en Afrique: enjeux, défis et perspectives de la gestion des ressources humaines.
items: "The Effectiveness of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing Literacy Skills of Junior High School Students in The Philippines: A Systematic Review"
items: Awareness, Acceptability, And the Constraints in The Dissemination of The Revised Vision, Mission, And Institutional Goals of One State College in Camarines Sur
items: Perceptions of Professional Competence and Sectoral Problems of Small Ruminant Farmers In Şanlıurfa Province, Türkiye *
items: The Role of HPV Vaccine in Preventing Cervical Cancer
items: Innovation concepts for urban planning and design; Scientific and Biomimetic design of A scientific and smart city in healthy and landscaped area
items: Navigating Transition: From Alumnus and Professional Development Tutor to Faculty in Higher Education
items: The Medical Benefits and Risks of Vitamin D Supplementation
items: Recent Advances on Use of Graphene, Metal Oxides and Metal Organic Framework as Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Review
items: Zero Trust in Practice: How Enterprises Are Implementing Zero Trust Architectures Across Multi-Cloud System
items: The Role of Industry Type, Firm Age, And Market Dynamics on The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and The Performance of The Elite Companies (Ghana Club 100) In Ghana
items: Students’ Perceptions of Feynman Technique in Mathematics Learning: A Case of a State University in Claveria, Misamis Oriental
items: Urban Mobility and Resilience; Planning and Design A Commercial Zone and Zone of Activities for Efficient and Healthy Town
items: Competency Modelling for Category B Water Utility Services in The Bicol Region
items: Career Trajectory of the BSBA Graduates: The NEMSU Tracer Study
items: Morphic Fields, Quantum Nonlocality and Neo-Idealist Conceptions of Consciousness: Towards A Unification
items: E-Business Strategies and Customer Satisfaction: The Role of Customer Engagement in The Banking Sector
items: THE The Syntactic Analysis Of The Written Outputs Of The Engineering Students Of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
items: Power-Lindley Generalized Pareto Distribution: A New Approach for Modeling Heavy-Tailed Data
items: Prediction Of E-Payment Channels with Hidden Markov Model
items: Urban Landscape Design Through Landmarks and Vital Design of Urban Areas Integrated with Healthcare Facilities.
items: Consumer Acceptability of Coco-Squash Spread
items: Readiness of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education Pre-Service Teachers of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Omnichannel Integration and Rural Banks Competitive Advantage and Sustainability
type: item
description: The financial services industry is undergoing rapid digital transformation, driven by evolving customer expectations and advancements in technology. However, rural banks often lag in adopting these innovations due to limited resources, technological infrastructure, and expertise. This disparity places rural banks at a competitive disadvantage, particularly as customers increasingly demand seamless and personalized interactions across multiple channels, including online platforms, mobile applications, and traditional branches. Omnichannel integration, which provides a unified customer experience across all touchpoints, has been identified as a critical strategy for enhancing competitive advantage in banking. While larger banks have successfully leveraged this approach to drive customer satisfaction and loyalty, rural banks face significant challenges in implementing similar strategies. These challenges include the high costs of digital infrastructure, resistance to change among stakeholders, and difficulties in training employees to adapt to new technologies. This study adopts an explanatory research design, which is appropriate for exploring causal relationships between variables. This study adopts a quantitative research approach to examine the relationship between omnichannel integration and rural banks' competitive advantage and sustainability. The population of this study comprises key stakeholders within the rural banking sector, including banking professionals, IT personnel, and customers who interact with omnichannel banking platforms. This study employs a convenience sampling technique to select participants of A sample size of 300 respondents. The study concludes that Omnichannel Integration (OI) plays a crucial role in enhancing both Competitive Advantage (CA) and Sustainability (SS) within organizations. Based on the findings regarding the effect of Omnichannel Integration (OI) on Competitive Advantage (CA), Sustainability (SS), and Sustainability Practic…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Omnichannel Integration and Rural Banks Competitive Advantage and Sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Samuel Agyei Baah
creator: Issah Ofori
creator: Dorothy Odame Asare
creator: John Oduro
creator: Evelyn Appiah-Kubi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
starting page: 01
ending page: 13
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i10.569

Unveiling the Lived Experiences of Electronics Education LET Passers and Non-Passers: A Qualitative Perspective
type: item
description: This study explored the lived experiences of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education major in Electronics (BTVTED-ELX) graduates who either passed or did not pass the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) in a Polytechnic State College in Camarines Sur. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, five participants were purposively selected and interviewed to capture their narratives. Thematic analysis revealed three major dimensions of their experiences: (1) lived experiences, which reflected personal motivation, resilience, and self-doubt; (2) challenges and enablers, encompassing academic preparedness, emotional struggles, financial constraints, and social support; and (3) institutional strategies, highlighting review programs, mentoring, and resource allocation that shaped licensure outcomes. The findings suggest that success or failure in the LET is not solely determined by academic preparation but is influenced by a combination of social, emotional, financial, and institutional factors. Non-passers emphasized difficulties in coping with exam anxiety, limited resources, and inconsistent preparation, while passers highlighted strong family support, structured study habits, and confidence built through peer collaboration. The study concludes that holistic interventions are essential to improve licensure performance. It is recommended that institutions strengthen review programs, provide mental health and financial support mechanisms, and foster peer-driven initiatives to address both academic and non-academic needs of future teachers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Licensure Examination for Teachers, BTVTED-ELX, lived experiences, challenges, institutional strategies.
  topic: keywords
creator: Marc Paul C. Sallao, LPT
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-22
publication date: 2025-09-22
starting page: 08
ending page: 13
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.568

Navigating Challenge, Growth, And Innovation: Stories of Student Entrepreneurs in A Philippine State College
type: item
description: This study explored the lived experiences of student entrepreneurs at Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC) through a qualitative narrative inquiry approach. Seven participants, each managing a small business while enrolled in college, were purposively selected and interviewed in August 2025. Their narratives revealed five key themes: (1) entrepreneurship as a survival strategy, (2) time management tug-of-war, (3) resilience through struggles, (4) innovation born from limitations, and (5) learning beyond the classroom. Most participants engaged in entrepreneurship out of financial necessity, using their ventures to sustain education-related and family expenses. Despite academic pressures and limited institutional support, the participants demonstrated adaptability and creativity—often leveraging digital platforms to operate their businesses with minimal resources. The study concludes that student entrepreneurship fosters not only income generation but also the development of critical life skills. However, the dual demands of academics and business create stress and role conflict. Based on the findings, it is recommended that CSPC establish targeted support systems such as mentorship programs, flexible academic arrangements, and integration of entrepreneurial learning into the curriculum. Recognizing and supporting student entrepreneurs can enhance their well-being, academic success, and long-term entrepreneurial potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student entrepreneurship; Narrative inquiry; Philippine state college; Lived experiences; Entrepreneurial learning.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kristyl Vine D. Gascon
creator: Maria Kersey M. Obrero
creator: Johna B. Nacional
creator: Karen S. Pentecostes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-25
publication date: 2025-09-25
starting page: 14
ending page: 20
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.567

The Microcosmic Analogue of Research Libraries in The Context of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in Higher and Tertiary Education in The Global South
type: item
description: The common perception of the artificial intelligence and its rapid advancement and transformative capabilities pose a threat to traditional institutions such as libraries. For centuries the physical libraries have been the custodians of the books and information containing the repositories of decades of stored information. In this tone it has been regarded not only a place of borrowing books but a place of knowledge, gathering, learning and community engagement. For the old reasons, the thought-provoking question in the minds of many in the digital age is, what will be the future of education in the fourth industrial revolution. In this sense there’s need of a strong transformative force the libraries have to undergo but without replacing the human effort. For one to talk about AI in the context of the libraries it means they have to go digital with proper artificial intelligence aided search engines in addition to that with a detailed history, personalised and with recommendations. Instead of the real physical look up of the catalogue it means the viable virtual tours of the libraries are pertinent, heralding a new era of efficiency and accessibility. As of today, we are now living in a world-oriented data, informative literacy and digital landscape. Moreso, Day by day the complex world of information is moving towards the online sphere. Shifting to a more proactive approach and analysis in the research context. In other words, the artificial intelligence in the libraries especially on the e-library has to take the active role of transformation enhancing user experiences, reshaping the context of the library’s dynamics. This pivotal turn might result in turning the traditional libraries into educational hubs streamlining the processes tailoring it to the right taste with the help of the irreplaceable human touch. In real sense, Librarians will continue to be an empathetic ear, guiding hand and a thoughtful advisor that no artificial intelligence can replace by work…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-Library, Digital Library, Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, Higher Education.
  topic: keywords
creator: Godfrey Murairidzi Gotora
creator: Eunice Mfula
creator: Godfrey Benjamin Zulu
creator: Isac Mutelo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-17
publication date: 2025-09-17
starting page: 01
ending page: 07
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.566

Modernisation du service public au Sénégal: enjeux, défis et perspectives.
type: item
description: Résumé: D’abord il faut rappeler que la modernisation d’une administration doit répondre à une série d’objectifs et qui globalise la vie de la nation et le future du pays. Dans cette perspective un diagnostic sans complaisance est nécessaire. Cet exercice devra partir des besoins et des attentes des populations; ce qui permettra de mettre en place une relation down-top d’une part. D’autre part il faudra analyser la capacité de nos ressources à supporter un tel changement de culture organisationnelle et nos façons de faire. Dans cet article nous résultats prouvent que moderniser c’est aussi changer nos façons d’agir, de penser le service public et cultiver l’innovation, la créativité, la vérification interne, la reddition des comptes, l’amélioration continue. Mots clés: service public, ressources, innovation, administration, politiques. Abstract: First, it is important to remember that the modernization of an administration must meet a series of objectives that encompass the life of the nation and the future of the country. From this perspective, an uncompromising diagnosis is necessary. This exercise must start with the needs and expectations of the population, which will enable the establishment of a bottom-up relationship on the one hand. On the other hand, it will be necessary to analyze the capacity of our resources to support such a change in organizational culture and our ways of doing things. In this article, our results prove that modernization also means changing the way we act, think about public service, and cultivate innovation, creativity, internal verification, accountability, and continuous improvement. Keywords: service public, ressources, innovation, administration, politiques.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: public service, resources, innovation, administration, policies.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdoul Salam Ly
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 53
ending page: 60
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.565

La microfinance un instrument de promotion féminine: cas du groupement des femmes de Ngonine avec l’ONG Mission Inter Sénégal.
type: item
description: Résumé: La microfinance apparaît de plus en plus comme un outil d’émancipation et de promotion de la condition féminine. Les objectifs visés sont multiples: augmenter leurs revenus et faciliter leur indépendance financière, stabiliser et professionnaliser leur activité entrepreneuriale, mais aussi, et peut-être surtout, améliorer leur statut au sein de la famille, renforcer l’estime qu’elles ont d’elles-mêmes, ou encore favoriser leurs capacités d’auto organisation. Notre étude révèle que la microfinance à permi aux femmes de Ngonine de financer leur projet ainsi cela à favoriser non seulement une meilleure inclusion financière à travers le crédit et l’épargne mais aussi les femmes ont bénéficié d’une bonne capacité de leadership notamment en entreprenariat, communication et développement personnel. Mot clés: entreprenariat, crédit, épargne, éducation financière, leadership. Abstract: Microfinance is increasingly seen as a tool for empowering women and promoting their status. The objectives are multiple: to increase their income and facilitate their financial independence, to stabilize and professionalize their entrepreneurial activity, but also, and perhaps above all, to improve their status within the family, to strengthen their self-esteem, and to promote their capacity for self-organization and, therefore. Our study reveals that microfinance has enabled women in Ngolfagnique to finance their projects, thereby promoting not only greater financial inclusion through credit and savings, but also enabling women to develop strong leadership skills, particularly in entrepreneurship, communication, and personal development. Keywords: entreprenariat, crédit, épargne, éducation financière, leadership.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurship, credit, savings, financial education, leadership.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdoul Salam Ly
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 37
ending page: 52
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.564

Le rôle du projet d’établissement hospitalier dans l’atteinte des objectifs des structures de santé au Sénégal.
type: item
description: Résumé: Le projet d'établissement hospitalier est un document stratégique essentiel qui guide le développement et l'organisation d'un hôpital. Le projet vise à améliorer la qualité des soins offerts aux patients tout en prenant soin des équipes médicales. Le projet doit projeter l'hôpital dans l'avenir, en identifiant les défis à relever et les opportunités à saisir. Dans cette étude nous avons vu comment le projet d’établissement impacté la performance des hôpitaux sénégalais à travers des soins de qualité en réduisant la mortalité, en digitalisant les processus des ressources humaines et un management plus efficace à travers une bonne planification et un tableau bord bien maitrisé. Mot clés: Gestion hospitalière, gestion axée sur les résultats, planification stratégique, financement de la santé, gestion du personnel. Abstract: The hospital project is an essential strategic document that guides the development and organisation of a hospital. The project aims to improve the quality of care offered to patients while taking care of the medical teams. The project must project the hospital into the future, identifying the challenges to be met and the opportunities to be seized. In this study, we have seen how the hospital project has impacted on the performance of Senegalese hospitals by providing quality care, reducing mortality, digitising human resources processes and making management more efficient through good planning and a well-managed dashboard. Keywords: Gestion hospitalière, gestion axée sur les résultats, planification stratégique, financement de la santé, gestion du personnel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hospital management, results-based management, strategic planning, health financing, personnel management.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdoul Salam Ly
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 29
ending page: 36
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.563

Nouveau management public en Afrique: enjeux, défis et perspectives de la gestion des ressources humaines.
type: item
description: Résumé: Depuis son apparition au début des années 1980, le concept du nouveau management public s’est déployé en suite dans la grande majorité des pays de l’OCDE. Il est utilisé à l’échelle internationale dans les discours des politiciens, des échanges gouvernementaux et organisationnels. Le NPM diffère en effet des autres modèles de réformes des organisations publiques qui l’ont précédé, essentiellement le « Planning Programming and Budgeting System »(PPBS), apparu aux Etas Unis dans les années 1960, et le modèle « Rationalisation des Choix Budgétaire » (RCB) adopté en France depuis 1968.Les résultats de nos recherches montrent que les cadres dirigeants africains sont favorables en majorité à opter pour le renouveau du management public en mettant l’accent sur l’aspect ressources humaines. Les Etats africains peuvent produire autant de stratégies de développement, autant de programmes de modernisation de leurs administrations, si les gouvernants n’y croient pas eux-mêmes, si les cadres de l’administration ne s’engagent pas résolument à les mettre en œuvre, rien ne se passera. Mots clés: Gestion publique, management, gestion des ressources, nouveau management public, administration. Abstract: Since its emergence in the early 1980s, the concept of new public management has spread to the vast majority of OECD countries. It is used internationally in the discourse of politicians and in governmental and organisational exchanges. NPM differs from other models of public organisation reform that preceded it, notably the Planning Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS), which emerged in the United States in the 1960s, and the Rationalisation des Choix Budgétaire (RCB) model adopted in France in 1968. The results of our research show that the majority of African senior managers are in favour of renewing public management with an emphasis on human resources. African states can produce as many development strategies and administrative modernisation programmes as they like, but…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Public administration, management, resource management, new public management, administration.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdoul Salam Ly
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-09-27
publication date: 2025-09-27
starting page: 21
ending page: 28
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i09.562

"The Effectiveness of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing Literacy Skills of Junior High School Students in The Philippines: A Systematic Review"
type: item
description: This systematic review examines the evidence of reading comprehension strategies in improving the literacy proficiency of Junior High School (JHS) students in the Philippines where there has been a consistent finding in national assessment data that there is indeed a serious literacy chasm. Based on twenty empirical studies conducted in 2020-2025, the study integrates the results on such strategic interventions as reciprocal teaching, guided reading, SQ3R, graphic organizers, and multisensory methods. Meta-synthesis and thematic analysis were used in the review to find any pattern that had been applied in strategy implementation, instructional design and learner response in different educational settings. Results highlight important findings that highlight considerable interventions gains with regard to structured implementation of evidence-based programs, especially when mediated by trained teachers who may be allowed to make a responsive instruction. Additionally, the level of involvement of students, relevance, appropriateness, and the use of technology arose as an empowering factor in realizing efficient reading instructions. The meta-theme of Pedagogical Responsiveness and Inclusive Literacy Design is central to the synthesis as it brings into its focus the necessity of instruction that is convergent to the cognitive profile of learners and also inclusive of different socio-cultural orientations of learners. Certain systemic barriers that are also discussed in the review include unequal access to resources, inadequate teacher preparation, and uneven program implementation. The paper has important implications to teachers, curriculum designers, and policy holders, who seek to change literacy education across the Philippines. It proposes equity-based, research-based interventions which must match the strategies, teacher growth and policy facilitation. Finally, the review suggests that reading comprehension should be re-conceptualized not just as the skill that ne…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reading Comprehension, Junior High School, Literacy Strategies, Systemic Review, Philippine Education.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rey Mark B. Lagdaan
creator: Dr. Nedie B. Sevilla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-08-29
publication date: 2025-08-29
starting page: 21
ending page: 28
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i08.560

Awareness, Acceptability, And the Constraints in The Dissemination of The Revised Vision, Mission, And Institutional Goals of One State College in Camarines Sur
type: item
description: This study evaluates the level of awareness, the distribution of print and non-print materials, the degree of acceptability in clarity and understandability, and the coherence of the systems and processes in light of the new VMGO of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. It uses a descriptive research approach, the primary research instrument being a survey questionnaire. The study's participants included external and internal stakeholders, including parents, industry partners, alumni, administrators, instructors, non-teaching staff, and students. The findings indicated that internal stakeholders have a greater understanding of the college's vision, mission, and institutional goals than external stakeholders. While college authorities and students exhibited a higher level of understanding, both respondents only indicated moderate awareness regarding the program's goals. The VMG has been extensively distributed through print and non-print media. Facebook websites and radio broadcasts are the most popular ways to connect with external stakeholders. At the same time, the curriculum and programs are the most successful way to communicate with internal stakeholders. Both respondents express high levels of approval concerning the VMGO's clarity and comprehensibility, as well as the coherence of the systems and procedures to accomplish the VMG. Given the results, it is suggested that the college continuously strives to promote the VMG more intensively. The administrators and stakeholders must further strengthen educational practices and activities to fulfill the program's objectives, institutional goals, vision, and purpose.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Awareness, Acceptability, Dissemination, VMG, Institutional Goals, Constraints.
  topic: keywords
creator: APRIL Z. LUZON, JD, PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-08-16
publication date: 2025-08-16
starting page: 10
ending page: 20
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i08.557

Perceptions of Professional Competence and Sectoral Problems of Small Ruminant Farmers In Şanlıurfa Province, Türkiye *
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the perceptions of small ruminant farmers in Şanlıurfa province regarding their technical knowledge and skills, access to technical support, ability to find shepherds, and the adequacy of pasture areas, as well as the socio-economic and operational structural characteristics that influence these perceptions. The primary data for the study were collected through surveys conducted with members of the Şanlıurfa Breeding Sheep and Goat Raisers Association. A total of 133 farmers were interviewed face-to-face as part of the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis, and the Kruskal-Wallis Variance Analysis and Dunn Multiple Comparison Test were employed to identify differences between independent variable groups. According to the research findings, it was determined that farmers' perceptions of their technical knowledge and skills showed significant differences according to factors such as district, education level, number of people working in animal husbandry, and number of animals. In terms of perceptions of access to technical support, it was determined that the number of people working in animal husbandry and the number of animals were effective factors. It was revealed that farmers experienced significant differences in terms of finding shepherds according to factors such as district, age, number of people working in livestock farming, livestock farming experience, and number of animals. In terms of the adequacy of pasture areas, it was determined that the district, livestock farming experience, and number of animals were effective factors. In general, it was determined that farmers have a moderate level of negative perception regarding technical knowledge and skills, access to technical support, and finding shepherds, while they have a high level of negative perception regarding the adequacy of pasture areas. These findings reveal the complex structure of the problems encountered in the small ruminant livestock se…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Small livestock farming, technical knowledge, technical support, shepherd, pasture, Şanlıurfa-Türkiye
  topic: keywords
creator: Seyran Ayalp
creator: Mehmet Reşit Sevinç
creator: Mehmet Cançelik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-08-09
publication date: 2025-08-09
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i08.556

The Role of HPV Vaccine in Preventing Cervical Cancer
type: item
description: Cervical cancer continues to be a significant health challenge worldwide, especially in resource-poor settings which account for over 90% of the deaths. Persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, is the leading cause of cervical cancer. This review focuses on the HPV vaccines and their remarkable success in preventing cervical cancer since 2006. Prophylactic vaccines against HPV-16 and -18, as well as bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines, use virus-like particles (VLPs) to stimulate immune responses and have been shown to significantly reduce HPV infections, as well as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer. The review discusses vaccine functions and effectiveness, including their immunogenicity and ideal dosing intervals, as well as the advantages gained from early vaccination. These strides in vaccination are unfortunately not mirrored in other countries such as Iraq due to a lack of surveillance data, cultural concerns, and the absence of a national vaccination program. There remains a greater need for education, policy change, and infrastructure to support the roll-out of HPV vaccination programs. Further development into therapeutic HPV vaccines targeting the E6 and E7 oncoproteins may aid in future treatments for cancer. This review highlights the importance of comprehensive HPV vaccination in achieving these goals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HPV, cervical cancer, HPV vaccine, prevention, immunization, public health, virology, neoplasia
  topic: keywords
creator: Baneen M. Obaid
creator: Saja H. Hashim
creator: Tabark E. Jassim
creator: Hind Z. Turki
creator: Hajar J. Khazaal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 34
ending page: 38
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i07.552

Innovation concepts for urban planning and design; Scientific and Biomimetic design of A scientific and smart city in healthy and landscaped area
type: item
description: Many cities suffer from traffic congestion and noise and the overpopulation resulting from dense buildings along main streets making access to various facility and services more diffecult and daily routine. Therefore, a resilient and smart city with healthy environment can only be acheived with a huge budget. And if these cities are located near majorindustrial area and site of waste dump the budget is huger for relocating wast dump site to uninhabited area and away from water source, agricultural area and ecologicalforest system and rehabilitating the area in line with local plan to develop the region so that the environment in these large areas is clean and conductive toprosperious living in healthy atmosphere. And for serving the health in the cental region of Algeria and Algiers, as well as serving heahelth with specialized minimally invasivesurgery in Algeria. We focus on developing a city with healthy climate and by reasonable budget. In this research we shaws the concept of smart, scientific and healthy urban environment in Ouzera town with its urban routes characterized by smooth traffic flow in ecological environment. The research focuses on developing a scientific urban model with a smart interface provides a healthy scientific urban environment. The facilities designated in biomimetic shape witha smart interface contributes to achieving the reslience and urban efficiency of scientific and healthy city with smart university hospital served health in smart space urban model.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: urban landscaping .healthy environment.Smart city . scientific space.healthy concept.
  topic: keywords
creator: MAACHOU Abderrahmane*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-07-17
publication date: 2025-07-17
starting page: 25
ending page: 33
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i07.551

Navigating Transition: From Alumnus and Professional Development Tutor to Faculty in Higher Education
type: item
description: Transitioning from the role of an alumnus and professional development tutor to that of a faculty member in higher education represents a significant and multifaceted journey marked by personal transformation and professional development. This reflective paper explores the lived experiences and key insights gained throughout this transition, beginning with a strong academic foundation as an alumnus and progressing through formative roles as a tutor engaged in mentorship, curriculum development, and instructional design. The shift to a faculty position introduced new challenges, including navigating academic autonomy, managing increased responsibilities, and aligning with institutional expectations. Drawing on resilience, self-awareness, and intentional adaptation, the transition was marked by a deepened understanding of academic identity and professional purpose. Collaborative engagement with colleagues, cultivating a sense of belonging, and embracing pedagogical innovation played a central role in overcoming barriers and fostering success. This reflection also highlights the value of continuous learning and critical self-reflection in responding to the evolving demands of higher education. Ultimately, the journey affirms that transitions, while complex, offer opportunities for profound growth and reaffirm the importance of reflective practice, community, and a sustained commitment to academic excellence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Alumnus; Faculty; Higher education; Mentorship; Professional development tutor; Support; Transition
  topic: keywords
creator: Esther kibga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27
starting page: 39
ending page: 45
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i07.547

The Medical Benefits and Risks of Vitamin D Supplementation
type: item
description: In addition to its well-known role in maintaining bone and calcium homeostasis, vitamin D plays a significant role in maintaining human health. The numerous medicinal advantages of vitamin D supplementation, as well as the possible hazards associated with it, are investigated in this detailed analysis. The biological routes of vitamin D metabolism are investigated, as well as the critical functions that vitamin D plays in the control of the immune system, the operation of the cardiovascular system, and the development of the nervous system. In this review, the data that supports the preventative benefits of vitamin D against illnesses such as rickets, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, and certain malignancies is highlighted. On the other hand, it highlights the dangers that are connected with taking an excessive amount of supplements, such as toxicity, hypercalcemia, and unfavorable medication interactions. The findings highlight the need of developing unique dosing strategies for each individual. depending on criteria such as age, health condition, and risk factors, in addition to the significance of monitoring blood 25(OH)D levels in groups who are susceptible to the disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the most recent scientific information in order to formulate clinical and public health recommendations that ensure the safe and effective use of vitamin D in both preventative and therapeutic settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vitamin D, Bone and calcium homeostasis, Immune system, Supplementation benefits, Toxicity, Hypercalcemia, Individualized dosing
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Sudan Abbas
creator: Noor Abdalwahd
creator: Baneen H. hashim
creator: rafeef M. abd alhussain
creator: Mohamed S. Mangi
creator: Aya Lazim Kadhim
creator: Zahraa Saadi Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-07-07
publication date: 2025-07-07
starting page: 01
ending page: 08
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i07.546

Recent Advances on Use of Graphene, Metal Oxides and Metal Organic Framework as Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Review
type: item
description: The increasing strain on finite fossil fuel reserves, coupled with the inherent limitations of renewable energy conversion technologies, has intensified the search for efficient energy storage solutions. Supercapacitors, renowned for their high-power density, extended cycle life, and rapid charge-discharge capabilities, are pivotal components of modern energy storage systems. This review synthesizes findings from previous studies that investigated the electrochemical performance of graphene, metal oxides, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The analysis focuses on key performance indicators, including specific surface area, capacitance, energy density, power density, and cyclic voltammetry. Comparative analysis of the literature indicates that graphene consistently demonstrates superior performance, followed by MOFs, highlighting their potential for advancing high-performance supercapacitor technology. Further study into the optimization of these materials is necessary.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy storage, electrochemical performance, specific surface area, capacitance, energy density, power density.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sa’adu Lawal
creator: Yusuf Abdulmalik
creator: Ajibade I. Isa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-07-12
publication date: 2025-07-12
starting page: 09
ending page: 24
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i07.544

Zero Trust in Practice: How Enterprises Are Implementing Zero Trust Architectures Across Multi-Cloud System
type: item
description: In the new age and era of cyber threats that are advancing by the day, the mere security structures that were able to safeguard enterprise information, particularly in the complicated multi-cloud structures, have become outdated. Zero Trust (ZT) architecture, with its core principle, which is never trusted, always verified, has become one of the most viable security frameworks to leverage these challenges. This study examines how companies implement zero-trust architectures to safeguard their multi-cloud infrastructures. It explores the fundamental concepts of Zero Trust, such as identity and access management, micro-segmentation and continuous monitoring, and the practical tools that help implement Zero Trust. Case studies included in this paper will represent examples of the adoption of Zero Trust in the real world, as well as challenges and benefits. Moreover, it discusses future patterns of the Zero Trust architecture, including AI and machine learning. It provides guidelines to admit organizations that want to adopt Zero Trust to work in multifarious clouds. The research highlights the need for a layered and strategic security approach and presents a blueprint for companies interested in improving their cloud security standing.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Zero Trust, Multi-cloud security, Identity and access management, Micro-segmentation, Cybersecurity architecture
  topic: keywords
creator: Sankar Thambireddy
creator: Venkata Ramana Reddy Bussu
creator: Balamuralikrishnan Anbalagan
creator: Arunkumar Pasumarthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 46
doi: 10.18535/raj.v7i12.542

The Role of Industry Type, Firm Age, And Market Dynamics on The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and The Performance of The Elite Companies (Ghana Club 100) In Ghana
type: item
description: Purpose: In Ghana, the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) annually ranks the top 100 firms—known as the Ghana Club 100—based on criteria such as size, growth, profitability, and corporate social responsibility. These companies are often viewed as market leaders, playing a pivotal role in Ghana’s socio-economic development through employment creation, innovation, and revenue generation. However, despite their elite status, there is growing recognition that not all firms within the Ghana Club 100 sustain high performance consistently, especially amid volatile macroeconomic conditions such as currency depreciation, inflationary pressures, and disruptions from global events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This study employs the quota sampling technique to select a representative sample of 215 firms from the Ghana Club 100. The study also adopted an explanatory research design to investigate the role of industry type, firm age, and market dynamics on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and business performance among elite firms listed in the Ghana Club 100. Findings: The findings of this study offer compelling evidence that Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) exerts a positive and significant influence on Business Performance among elite firms in Ghana. Moreover, the results reveal that the relationship between EO and Business Performance is significantly moderated by Industry Type, Firm Age, and Market Dynamics. Unique Contribution to theory, policy and practice: Specifically, Industry Type positively moderates the relationship, suggesting that the strength of EO’s impact on performance varies across different sectors, with some industries benefiting more from entrepreneurial behaviors than others. Similarly, Firm Age also positively moderates this relationship, indicating that more mature firms may be better positioned to leverage their accumulated experience and resources in applying entrepreneurial strategies effectively. Finally, Ma…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Entrepreneurial Orientation, Business Performance, Industry Type, Firm Age, Market Dynamics.
  topic: keywords
creator: Stanislaus Ganyo Yaw Amegashie
creator: Ofori Issah
creator: Rosemary Makafui Agboyi
creator: Hanson Obiri Yeboah
creator: Richard Kofi Asravor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 24
ending page: 34
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i06.538

Students’ Perceptions of Feynman Technique in Mathematics Learning: A Case of a State University in Claveria, Misamis Oriental
type: item
description: Mathematics learning remains a significant challenge for many students due to its perceived complexity and the limitations of traditional teaching methods. The Feynman Technique, an active learning strategy that emphasizes self-explanation and simplification of concepts, has been proposed as an effective tool for enhancing comprehension and engagement in mathematics. This study explores students’ perceptions of the Feynman Technique in learning mathematics at a state university in Claveria, Misamis Oriental. Employing a phenomenological qualitative research design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and reflective journals from purposively selected mathematics students who had experience using the technique. Thematic analysis revealed that students perceived the Feynman Technique as beneficial in fostering deeper conceptual understanding, increasing engagement, and enhancing confidence in learning mathematics. However, challenges such as difficulty in simplifying complex concepts and self-doubt in explanations were also identified. Despite these challenges, students generally preferred the technique over traditional methods and recommended its use for improving mathematics learning. The findings suggest that integrating the Feynman Technique into mathematics education can support active learning and self-directed knowledge construction. Educators should provide scaffolding and structured guidance to maximize its effectiveness. Future research may explore its long-term impact on academic performance and its applicability across different mathematical topics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Feynman Technique, Mathematics Learning, Active Learning, Self-Explanation, Student Perception
  topic: keywords
creator: Arnel S. Travero
creator: Charlito M. Castrodes
creator: Paul John B. Panganiban
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-06-06
publication date: 2025-06-06
starting page: 01
ending page: 05
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i06.535

Urban Mobility and Resilience; Planning and Design A Commercial Zone and Zone of Activities for Efficient and Healthy Town
type: item
description: The sustainable development strategy based on appropriate population density considerd as a flexible strategy for achieving urban resilience of mobility in healthy town. And since the appropriate urban density is considered an indicator directly related to regional planning. The indicator of transportation use and the availability of traffic flow is considered a decisive indication for the success of integration beteweenserving and served spaces in town. In this search we plan the zone of activities and the commercial zone in OuzeraTown considering the resilience in urban mobility and the integration between urban spaces for a town that serves health. We use biomimetics to design a harmonious urban fabric in an ecological environment without heat island and traffic jam.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Town planning.urbanmobility.resilience.activezones.healthytown
  topic: keywords
creator: MAACHOU Abderrahmane*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-05-29
publication date: 2025-05-29
starting page: 24
ending page: 30
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i05.533

Competency Modelling for Category B Water Utility Services in The Bicol Region
type: item
description: This study aimed to develop a Competency Catalogue for Category B Water Utility Services in the Bicol Region in 2017. It assessed staffing patterns and competency levels of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), formulated a unified competency dictionary, and proposed an enhanced Merit Selection Plan (MSP). Using a mixed-methods design and purposive sampling, the research found that Category B water districts conform to the standard structures of the Revised LWD MaCRO. Core competencies of key informants were rated advanced (mean = 2.55), while leadership and management competencies were intermediate (mean = 2.44). The districts have largely adopted the behavioural indicators from the government’s Generic Competency Dictionary. The study underscores the importance of aligning human resources with organizational goals through structured competency-based frameworks. It is highly relevant for HR officers, as it offers a replicable model for improving recruitment, selection, and workforce development in public utilities. By establishing a clear competency standard, the organization ensures efficiency, accountability, and service quality. The Competency Catalogue not only strengthens internal processes but also supports long-term capacity building and institutional reform. It highlights the reciprocal dynamic between agency support and employee development in achieving public service excellence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: competency
  topic: keywords
subject: human resource
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
creator: ANGELICA PALOMA REGONDOLA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-05-28
publication date: 2025-05-28
starting page: 19
ending page: 23
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i05.531

Career Trajectory of the BSBA Graduates: The NEMSU Tracer Study
type: item
description: Purpose: This study intended to examine the total population of college graduates from the BSBA Financial Management (FM) and the Human Resource Development Management (HRM) programs who firmly committed to develop North Eastern Mindanao State University (NEMSU) also known previously as Surigao del Sur State University (SDSSU) to be their main path for access to higher education in the year of 2030, and in an international “global” setting. Specifically. The objective of the study is to analyze the career development pathways of the BSBA batch of 2011–2019. Method: The descriptive research approach was used in this study to precisely describe the graduates of BSBA 2011-2019 of North Eastern Mindanao State University (NEMSU), Tagbina campus. Another example of sample survey implementation is managing the scope of the study to the manageable fraction of the bigger population and able to find few key insights. Additionally, a part of the study is also dedicated to the opinion survey, as most variables relates around what respondents have seen and perceived. The type of descriptive research approach was relevant in this study, because the question is determined by determining the graduate status needed by description related to the condition of the current graduates. The tracer study was descriptive in nature, used to understand the career trajectories, job satisfaction, and professional achievement of graduates (Kresnawati et al, 2021). The education institution applied this approach in order to get a more realistic perception regarding the career path of its graduates from the graduation period to make rational decisions related to updating the curricula or designing appropriate career services for the students (Stroj et al., 2023). These studies incorporate descriptive analysis even hinting towards trends and patterns that are not only useful for benchmarking but also for measuring the efficacy of programs (Liu et al., 2023). Findings: The employment data indicates t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tracer Study, Financial Management, Human Resource Development Management.
  topic: keywords
creator: Romel C. Nemiño
creator: Fe G. Villamor
creator: Sharon May R. Gibertas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 06
ending page: 23
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i06.527

Morphic Fields, Quantum Nonlocality and Neo-Idealist Conceptions of Consciousness: Towards A Unification
type: item
description: The idea of morphic fields advocated by Rupert Sheldrake – though dismissed out of hand by scientists and philosophers committed to mainstream conceptions of epistemology and the nature of reality – has gained increased respectability and attention thanks to certain developments in science and philosophy. Within science, the idea that reality is non-local – based on ideas and experiments conducted by Alain Aspect and his team since the 1980s and acknowledged in the award of the Nobel prize for Physics to Aspect and colleagues, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, in 2022 – now presents challenges to the standard orthodoxy of reductionist and materialistic conceptions of our knowledge of the world. Such orthodoxy has long been criticised by Sheldrake and other independent-minded scientists and, with a fascinating sense of poetic justice, such findings seem to resonate with and help to endorse Sheldrake’s notion of morphic fields. In addition, similar criticisms of materialistic and reductionist science have informed current debates about the nature of consciousness, and perspectives offered by scientists and philosophers such as Bernardo Kastrup and Donald Hoffman seem to echo many of Sheldrake’s claims about the nature of reality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: morphic resonance, quantum nonlocality, neo-idealist consciousness perspectives, Kastrup, Hoffman, Faggin
  topic: keywords
creator: Professor Terry Hyland
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-05-06
publication date: 2025-05-06
starting page: 01
ending page: 05
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i05.519

E-Business Strategies and Customer Satisfaction: The Role of Customer Engagement in The Banking Sector
type: item
description: Purpose: In Ghana, the banking sector is increasingly leveraging e-business strategies such as online banking platforms, mobile banking applications, and real-time customer support to improve service delivery and enhance customer satisfaction. Despite these advancements, achieving consistent customer satisfaction remains a significant challenge. Studies indicate that gaps often exist between customer expectations and the actual experiences provided by e-business platforms, leading to dissatisfaction and attrition. This disconnect raises questions about the effectiveness of e-business strategies in meeting the diverse needs of customers within the Ghanaian banking sector. Customer engagement has been recognized as a critical factor in bridging this gap. Engaged customers are more likely to derive satisfaction from e-business platforms, as they feel valued and involved in the service process. However, evidence suggests that many banks in Ghana have yet to fully capitalize on the potential of customer engagement to maximize the benefits of e-business strategies. Method: A convenience sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 260. This study adopts an explanatory research design, which is appropriate for identifying and analyzing cause-and-effect relationships among variables. This study relies on primary data as the main source of information for examining the factors influencing the implementation and performance of e-business services within the banking sector. A structured questionnaire using a Likert scale was employed as the data collection instrument. Findings: The findings of the study showed a positive relationship between e-business strategies and customer satisfaction. The second analysis demonstrated that customer engagement has an even stronger influence on customer satisfaction. Crucially, the moderation analysis revealed that customer engagement significantly enhances the impact of e-business strategies on customer satisfaction. Unique Contri…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-Business Strategies; Customer Satisfaction; Customer Engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Ofori Issah
creator: Samuel Brako
creator: Afia Adasi Asare
creator: Nana Oppong Mensah-Bonsu
creator: Emilia Amoako Asiedu
creator: Chrales Asare
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-05-06
publication date: 2025-05-06
starting page: 06
ending page: 18
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i05.517

THE The Syntactic Analysis Of The Written Outputs Of The Engineering Students Of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
type: item
description: The study investigated the Syntactic Analysis of the Written Outputs of Engineering Students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC) during the Academic Year 2023–2024. A total of 165 engineering student respondents participated in four selected classes. The research utilized a descriptive-evaluative-correlational method and employed tools such as weighted mean, frequency count, Kendall Coefficient of Concordance (W), Chi-square, and Spearman Rank Order Coefficients to determine the most common syntactic errors and assess the student’s application of syntax in different types of writing, including academic, technical, legal, creative, marketing, and social media content. Results revealed that word order errors, misplaced modifiers, and ambiguous pronoun references were among the most frequent syntactic issues. Findings further showed that students generally demonstrated an evident level of syntax application, with academic writing receiving the highest rating. Significant agreement in ranking was observed only in subject-verb agreement, run-on sentences, fragment sentences, and double negatives. Based on the findings, policy recommendations were proposed, including targeted grammar instruction, interdisciplinary writing workshops, syntax-focused tools, and enhanced institutional support. The study also suggested areas for further research, such as examining error patterns over time and evaluating the impact of various teaching and feedback methods on students’ syntactic proficiency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Syntax, Syntactic Analysis, Engineering Students, Written Outputs, Policy Recommendations.
  topic: keywords
creator: KEVIN SEAN D. RADA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-04-11
publication date: 2025-04-11
starting page: 01
ending page: 05
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i04.516

Power-Lindley Generalized Pareto Distribution: A New Approach for Modeling Heavy-Tailed Data
type: item
description: This research introduces the Power-Lindley Generalized Pareto Distribution (PL-GPD), a new statistical model designed to better capture heavy-tailed data, which is often found in finance, climate studies, and other fields where extreme events are significant. Unlike existing models like the Normal and Skew Normal Generalized Pareto Distributions (NGPD and SNGPD) by Debbabi et al. (2012) and Debbabi et al. (2016) respectively, which struggle with the complexities of such data, the PL-GPD combines the Power-Lindley distribution (for moderate values) with the Generalized Pareto distribution (for extreme values).Using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), the PL-GPD was applied to S&P 500 log return data and compared to NGPD and SNGPD based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic. The PL-GPD showed a superior fit, with lower AIC and higher K-S p-values, indicating improved accuracy in modeling rare but impactful events. This enhanced ability to manage extreme data makes PL-GPD especially useful in risk management for fields like finance and insurance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Power-Lindley Generalized Pareto Distribution (PL-GPD), Heavy-tailed distributions, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic, Extreme values and risk management, Tail risk.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nkemnole E. B.
creator: Okoacha N.G.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-04-18
publication date: 2025-04-18
starting page: 06
ending page: 20
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i04.514

Prediction Of E-Payment Channels with Hidden Markov Model
type: item
description: Hidden Markov models (HMM) are a class of stochastic modelling that describe the evolution of observable events that depends on internal factors (hidden states) which are not directly observable. This probabilistic model has use in a wide range of disciplines, including engineering, finance, and medicine. In this study, HMM is employed in e-payment transactions to see the trends of these e-payment systems and to determine what would be the future trend of the e-payment channels. Two e-payment channels were considered: Automated teller machine (ATM) and point of sale (PoS) machines which are the observable state while the hidden states are high and a low volume of transactions. The emission matrix was determined based on the observable state count and the transition probability count. The filtering method was employed in the HMM to estimate the parameters of the model. Empirical analysis revealed that the volume of transactions for PoS surpass that of ATM based on the data used in this study. The steady-state probability also shows that in the future the volume of transactions for PoS with the probability of 0.875 (87.5%) would surpass that of ATM with the probability of 0.125 (12.5%).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: electronic payment, Transaction; behavioural modelling; e-commerce; hidden Markov model; filtering
  topic: keywords
creator: Nkemnole E. B.
creator: Isimeto R. O.
creator: Onyedinma A. A.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-03-08
publication date: 2025-03-08
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i3.508

Urban Landscape Design Through Landmarks and Vital Design of Urban Areas Integrated with Healthcare Facilities.
type: item
description: Transportation is considered the economic lifeline in town .and as it adds vitality to the area; it cannot acheive the integration of urban services without the availability of the necessary facilities for the urban space with harmonious urban fabric. In this search we adopt the vital design of urban area with landmarks of town.as the meterological tower at the western entrance of Ouzera Town is considered a distinctive architectural style for the design of the University Rectorat in urban harmony with landcape architecture in an ecological environment. The Public squares are designed with an integrated approach to urban fabric and scientific facilities. The center of commerce in Ouzera Town is also designed with a vital approach in which access to services is easy. The vital location of the commercial center ensures the integration of services with facilities of health and its distictive architecture increases the urban value of the place in an urban look with solar panels.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landmarks. Urban image. Landscape architecture. Vital design. Healthy town.
  topic: keywords
creator: MAACHOU Abderrahmane*
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-02-28
publication date: 2025-02-28
starting page: 31
ending page: 40
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i2.507

Consumer Acceptability of Coco-Squash Spread
type: item
description: Consumer acceptability is a crucial factor in the success of processed foods, as it directly influences purchasing decisions and market sustainability. In the competitive food industry, sensory attributes such as appearance, taste and texture play a significant role in shaping consumer preferences. Understanding these sensory perceptions helps manufacturers enhance the product quality and align with consumer expectations. A health-conscious consumer increasing seek nutritious and innovative food options, the development of acceptable and appealing processed foods becomes even more relevant. The study aimed to evaluate the consumer’s level of acceptability of Coco-Squash Spread in terms of appearance, taste and consistency in the three different samples. Acceptability Score Sheet was utilized as the instrument in the research study to gather data through sensory evaluations of thirty (30) consumers as the respondents of the study. Results revealed that Sample 1 obtained a mean score of 3.7, Sample 2 achieved a mean score of 4.08, both results to acceptable and Sample 3 received a mean score of 2.9 rated as moderately acceptable. Analysis of Variance results indicated no significant differences among the three samples in terms of appearance, taste and consistency. The appearance of the samples was influenced by the proportion of squash compared to coconut milk. In terms of taste, the dominant squash taste remained noticeable despite the varying proportions among the samples. Additionally, the consistency across all samples was consistent due to the standardized preparation process, which included the same procedures for the coconut milk and squash. The study highlights the potential of Coco-Squash Spread as an acceptable food product with no significant in sensory across the evaluated samples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: acceptability
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer
  topic: keywords
subject: coconut milk
  topic: keywords
subject: spread
  topic: keywords
subject: squash
  topic: keywords
creator: Michelle M. Lomeda-Junio
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-02-24
publication date: 2025-02-24
starting page: 26
ending page: 30
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i2.505

Readiness of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education Pre-Service Teachers of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
type: item
description: This study aimed to investigate the extent of the pre-service teachers in Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education Program being ready to align with the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers. Moreover, it identified potential correlations between pre-service teacher profiles sex, academic track, and area of specialization and subject handled in terms of their PPST readiness scores. It was discovered that there is a promising foundation in terms of literacy, numeracy and communication skills level of pre-service teachers; however, a lot has yet to be achieved overall. There remains a great deal more work to do around curriculum, assessment techniques and engagement of diverse learners. The research went on to identify the establishment of stronger community links and professional development prioritized in the refining of teaching philosophies and collaboration. One of the interesting findings of this research was the strong association of the pre-service teacher profile and PPST readiness. The academic track and area of specialization had a higher relation compared to the subject handled during practice teaching. This would then imply that there could be benefits to be made in designing BTVTEd programs responsive to pre-service teacher backgrounds with unique skill gaps and ensuring that graduates are better prepared for the PPST and subsequent teaching tasks. In that light, the research recommends that BTVTEd programs integrate training that domiciles core academic skills, elements of curriculum development and curriculum assessment practices, and strategies for catering to diverse learners. Besides, community engagement and professional development programs in fine-tuning pre-service teachers will go a long way in contributing to their general preparedness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST), Pre-Service Teachers, Readiness
  topic: keywords
creator: Michelle M. Lomeda-Junio
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Research and Analysis Journal
date: 2025-02-20
publication date: 2025-02-20
starting page: 01
ending page: 13
doi: 10.18535/raj.v8i2.504