Background: The term bezoar refers to an intraluminal masse in the gastrointestinal system caused by the accumulation of indigestible ingested materials. Trichobezoar is a compact conglomeration of swallowed hair and constitutes less than 6% of all bezoars. The stomach is the common site of occurrence and many patients may remain asymptomatic or present a mild form of the disease. Intestinal obstruction due to trichobezoar is an extremely rare complication. The clinical findings of bezoar-induced ileus do not differ from those of mechanical bowel obstruction due to other causes and they are rarely reported in the pediatric age group.

Case presentation: we report a case of acute small-bowel obstruction due to trichobezoar in a three years old boy with no history of eating disorder which presented an abdominal distention.

Conclusion: This case serves to raise awareness of trichobezoar as a diagnosis in young children who present with abdominal pain, palpable mass, and signs of acute small-bowel obstruction

This study assessed the determinants of cash holdings of quoted pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria from 2014-2022. Three hypotheses were formulated in line with the objectives of the study. Ex-post facto research design and panel data were adopted and the data for the study were obtained from fact books, annual reports and account of the quoted pharmaceutical firms under study. Pearson coefficient of correlation and Panel least square regression were applied for the test of the three hypotheses formulated with aid of E-View 9.0 statistical software. Findings showed that market-to-book value ratio, investment in non-current assets and cash flow have a significant but negative significant relationship with cash holding (proxied by cash and cash equivalent) at 5% significant level. Based on these findings, the study recommended among others that pharmaceutical firms should adopt cash management practices since cash reduces the burden to perform well and allows managers to invest in projects that best suit their own interests.

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital aortic valve anomaly and affects approximately 1%–2% of the population. Individuals with BAVs have higher risks of valvular dysfunction, endocarditis, and ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection than individuals with tricuspid aortic valves.

We report a fatal outcome of ascending aortic aneurysm in a women patient with bicuspid aortic valve complited to aortic sténosis. The patient was qualified for elective surgery of replacement of the affected aorta with composite aortic valve-supracommissural ascending aorta. Unfortunately, patient ended up fatally during the open heart surgery.

Congenital BAV are common and in most cases remain undetected, BAVs may progress and become calcied, thus leading to varying degrees of severity of aortic stenosis. The thoracic aortic aneurysm in BAV frequently involves the proximal aorta, including the aortic root, ascending aorta, and aortic arch. While the ascending aortic aneurysm might be affected by both aortopathy and hemodynamics. Our patient, regrettably, was not diagnosed on time with BAV, thus preventive measures were not applied on him can avoid its serious consequences.

Brain is the most sophisticated and important organ of our body. Together with spinal cord it control all actions, all functions voluntary or involuntary and plays a vital role in managing various organ systems of our body. It has its own protective barriers that protects the brain from various pathogens and toxins that may cause the harm. These barriers are namely Blood-Brain barrier and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. The highly lipophilic nature of these barriers helps them in protecting the brain, allowing the passage of only highly lipophilic drugs to the brain through blood. However when there is an infection or injury in brain, the same barriers pose a hindrance in the delivery of drugs to the brain for treatment. Usually, drugs are usually hydrophilic in nature and since barriers of brain are lipophilic in nature, the finds it hard to cross these barriers and reach the brain. In order to overcome the problem in drug delivery to the brain as a target organ various drug delivery techniques were developed. Invasive and non-invasive approaches are two main approaches that are used to deliver drug to brain. In invasive approach the permeability of BBB is decreased or the drug is directly administered, whereas in non-invasive approach the drug molecule is altered to enhance its lipophilicity allowing its passage to the brain. This review aims to describe the various brain targeted drug delivery system..